11th century in science

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This is a summary of the 11th century in science and technology.

Al-Biruni is regarded as one of the greatest scholars of 11th century and was well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist and linguist.

Of the 146 books known to have been written by B?r?n?, 95 were devoted to astronomy, mathematics, and related subjects like mathematical geography.

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Predicted and scheduled events

• List of 11th-century lunar eclipses
• List of solar eclipses in the 11th century

Maps 11th century in science

Optics

• Book of Optics (???? ???????) was written by Alhazen.

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Geography

• Al-Bakri wrote about Europe, North Africa, and the Arabian peninsula. Only two of his works have survived. His Mu'jam m? ista'jam contains a list of place names mostly within the Arabian peninsular with an introduction giving the geographical background.
• The Mas'udi Canon (Persian ????? ??????) - an extensive encyclopedia on astronomy, geography, and engineering, named after Mas'ud, son of Mahmud of Ghazni, to whom he dedicated.
• Leif Ericsson claims to have made landfall at three lands in North America, one of which he names Vinland meaning the land of wine.

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Warfare

• A Chinese manual on warfare includes the earliest known description of gunpowder.

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Printing

• The concept of movable kind for printing is pioneered in China, using fired clay, but it proves impractical.

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Astronomy

• The Book of Instruction in the Elements of the Art of Astrology (Kitab al-tafhim li-awa'il sina'at al-tanjim).
• The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries (Arabic ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????) - a comparative study of calendars of different cultures and civilizations, interlaced with mathematical, astronomical, and historical information.
• The Mas'udi Canon (Persian ????? ??????) - an extensive encyclopedia on astronomy, geography, and engineering, named after Mas'ud, son of Mahmud of Ghazni, to whom he dedicated.
• Understanding Astrology (Arabic ??????? ?????? ???????) - a question and answer style book about mathematics and astronomy, in Arabic and Persian.
• Astronomers in China and Japan observe the explosion of the supernova which is still visible as the Crab Nebula.

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Medicines

• Pharmacy - about drugs and medicines.

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Surgery

• The first illustrated manual of surgery is written by Abul Kasim in Cordoba.

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Geology and minerals

• Gems (Arabic ??????? ?? ????? ???????) about geology, minerals, and gems, dedicated to Mawdud son of Mas'ud.

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Other

• Su Sung, a Buddhist monk, created in China the principle of the escapement in his tower clock worked by a water wheel.

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Births

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Deaths

See also

• Science in the medieval Islamic world

References

Source of article : Wikipedia